There is also a strain called ebola reston that only affects nonhuman primates. Three of the four species of ebola virus identified so far have caused disease in humans. The virions are pleomorphic varying in shape and contain a helical nucleocapsid, which consists of a protein shell, or capsid, and. Zebov, along with four other species of ebolaviruses is classified to the genus ebolavirus in the family. Ebolaviruses are pathogenic agents associated with a severe, potentially fatal, systemic disease in man and great apes.
It was first identified in 1976, during an outbreak in. Isolation of ebola virus and other hemorrhagic fever viruses in culture is a highrisk procedure and should be performed only in bsl4 facilities, such as are available at the cdc. Valley fever, marburg and ebola haemorrhagic fevers, crimeancongo haemorrhagic fever cchf and yellow fever. Ebola spotlight emerging infectious diseases journal cdc.
Zaire ebolavirus, more commonly known as ebola virus i. The ebola virus is different from other common viruses in a couple of ways. Cold, flu, stomach and hepatitis viruses are among the most common types of human viruses encountered worldwide. Infection with the virus can damage blood vessels, affect multiple organs e. Rapid pointofcare poc serological assays with minimal sample manipulation and low cost are desired in clinical practice. Lassa fever, yellow fever, marburg and dengue fever.
The impact of different types of violence on ebola virus disease transmission during the 20182020 outbreak in the democratic republic of the congo john daniel kelly department of epidemiology and biostatistics, school of medicine, university of california, san francisco ucsf. Evaluation of ebola virus inhibitors for drug repurposing. Once the more virulent forms enter the human population. A member of the ring vaccination team vaccinates a man in bosolo village.
Introduction ebola virus disease evd is one of the deadliest haemorrhagic fevers affecting humans and nonhuman primates. Several cases of ebola have been reported in the u. The positive strain of the virus was the zaire strain of ebola virus. Since the first disease outbreak news on 10 may 2018 through 12 june, the primary focus of the response to ebola virus disease evd in the democratic republic of the congo has shifted from the urban areas of equateur province to remote and difficult to reach places. Ebov, is one of six known species within the genus ebolavirus. Ebola ebola virus disease ebola ebola virus disease fact sheet. In that period, the sunda ebolavirus had a death rate of 53. Ebola virus ebv is a deadly virus that has resulted in a. Of these, two tested positive for ebola virus, zaire ebolavirus species, by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction rtpcr on 7 may.
The first outbreak occurred in the democratic republic of congo formerly zaire in a village near the ebola river, which gave the virus its name. When the outbreak in gabon occurred in 20012003, a large team of researchers comprised of members of world health organization, viral. The fourth, ebolareston, has caused disease in nonhuman primates, but not in humans. Who ebola virus disease democratic republic of the congo. The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through humantohuman transmission. Introduction ebola virus formerly officially designated zaire ebolavirus, or ebov is a virological taxon species included in the genus ebolavirus, family filoviridae, members are called filovirus, the order is mononegavirales. Ebola virus disease evd, one of the deadliest viral diseases, was discovered in 1976 when two consecutive outbreaks of fatal hemorrhagic fever occurred in different parts of central africa. Reston ebolavirus was first discovered in laboratories in reston, united states of america usa 5 ebola virus is responsible for viral hemorrhagic fevers like. Interhuman spread of ebola virus in the african epi.
Ebola zaire ebola reston ebola ivory coast ebola sudan types discussion. Monolayers of several cell types have successfully been used. These virus types cause hemorrhagic fever or profuse bleeding inside and outside the body. First recognized near the ebola river valley during an outbreak in zaire in 1976 6, 20, outbreaks have occurred in africa in the ensuing 27 years, with mortality rates ranging from 50 to 90% 26, 28. Four of the six known ebolaviruses, including ebov, cause a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and other mammals, known as ebola virus disease evd. Ebov has five different species, and four of the five cause a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and other mammals, known as ebola virus disease evd. Ebola virus disease sudansouthern regioncongresses. Among them, bundibugyo ebolavirus, zaire ebolavirus, and sudan ebolavirus have been associated with large. The mucinliked region of the ebola virus envelope play a significant role in viral infection in nonhuman primates and humans through attachment of the membrane anchored c type lectins rather than.
Ebola virus has also been recognized in alveoli of experimentally. Ebola virus disease evd is a rare and deadly disease most commonly affecting people and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. A systematic screen of fdaapproved drugs was performed to identify compounds with in vitro antiviral activities against ebola virus ebov. These strains are called ebola zaire, sudan, bundibugyo, and mayinga. Four species of ebolaviruses have been identified in west or equatorial africa. Ebola virus disease evd, formerly known as ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. Persontoperson transmission of lassa, ebola, marburg and cchf. Antigencapture enzymelinked immunosorbent assay elisa testing. Ebola virus is known to infect animals such as apes, monkeys, and bats in addition to humans, and is considered a zoonotic pathogen. As of november 14, 2014, the world health organization has reported a total of 21,296 ebola virus disease evd.
All humans contract multiple viruses throughout the course of life. In this video, darria long gillespie, md, chief doctor at sharecare, explains that one of the biggest differentiating factors is that weve never seen it in the us. It is caused by an infection with one of five known ebola virus species, four of which can cause disease in people. Ebola virus haemorrhagic fever viral diseases enivd. The five different speciesstrains of the ebola virus are zaire the 2014 outbreak is.
In march 2014, the largest ebola outbreak in history exploded across west africa. An infection with the ebola virus causes ebola virus disease. Ebolavirus classification based on natural vectors ncbi. Ebola virus ebov, formerly designated zaire ebolavirus is one of five known viruses within the genus ebolavirus. Ebola virus has been cultured from specimens such as serum or postmortem tissues. Restv causes disease in nonhuman primates but is not patho genic to humans. Introduction to ebola disease world health organization. Filovirus, any virus belonging to the family filoviridae. Four of the five known ebolaviruses, including ebov, cause a severe and often fatal hemorrhagic fever in humans and other mammals, known as ebola virus disease evd. Ebola virus, formally called zaire ebolavirus, is a rare virus that infects humans and nonhuman animals such as pigs and other primates. History of ebola virus disease error processing ssi file.
The mucinliked region of the ebola virus envelope play a significant role in viral infection in nonhuman primates and. Researchers have found the ebola virus in african monkeys, chimpanzees, and other nonhuman primates. In this study, we report an automated poc system for ebola rna detection with rnaguided rna endonuclease. The disease often causes multiorgan dysfunction, including hepatic damage and renal. Ebola, previously known as ebola hemorrhagic fever, is a rare and deadly disease caused by infection with one of the ebola virus strains. No one has caught ebola from someone else in the uk. Filoviruses have enveloped virions virus particles appearing as variably elongated filaments that are about 80 nm 1 nm 10. Ebola can cause disease in humans and nonhuman primates monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. Rapid and fully microfluidic ebola virus detection with. The natural reservoir normal habitat of ebola viruses is unknown. The ebola virus is a member of the filoviridae family.
Highly infectious illness caused by pathogens is endemic especially in developing nations where there is limited laboratory infrastructure and trained personnel. The severity of viral illnesses ranges from mild to lethal. However, researchers believe that the virus is zoonotic. Ebolavirus ebov is one of three known viruses within the family filoviridae.
Ebola virus disease is a severe, often fatal, zoonotic filovirus infection fig 1. Ebola is a rare, often deadly virus that causes a severe illness called hemorrhagic fever. On 10 march 2014, a viral hemorrhagic fever vhf outbreak was reported among humans in guinea, west africa. Ebola virus has caused the majority of human deaths from evd, and was the cause of the. The ebola virus belongs to the viral family filoviridae. For most people visiting countries in subsaharan africa, the risk of exposure to the ebola virus is minimal. Consequently, the vhf was identified as ebola virus disease evd 1,3,4. Humans initially contract an infection with a haemorrhagic fever virus through exposure to rodents or insects for ebola and marburg vhfs, the natural reservoir is unknown. Thirtyfour outbreaks have been reported in africa since it was first.
This statistic shows the death rates globally caused by the five known types of ebola virus species in outbreaks between 1976 and 2012. Ebola is a rare but deadly virus that causes fever, body aches, and diarrhea, and sometimes bleeding inside and outside the body as the virus spreads through the body, it damages the immune. Once the more virulent forms enter the human population, transmission occurs primarily through contact with infected body fluids and can result in major epidemics in underresourced settings. Ebola virus ebov, the sole member of the species zaire ebolavirus genus ebolavirus, family filoviridae, order mononegavirales, was identified as the etiological agent. Human viruses cause a variety of maladies, depending on the virus type and the tissues infected. Once a person is infected, they typically suffer from high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and sometimes muscle pain, headaches, and bleeding.
It was founded in the democratic republic of the congo in 1976, killing nearly 88% of all its victims. Ebola virus disease is a serious viral infection that originated in subsaharan africa. The ebola virus first appeared during two 1976 outbreaks in africa. The first step in implicating animals in the spread of any disease such as the ebola virus infection is that the animal should have evidence of the virus presence. Ebola virus, a rna virus, was discovered in 1976 as zaire ebolavirus and currently is responsible for outbreak in the west africa. Ebola virus infections can be diagnosed definitively in a laboratory through several types of tests, including.
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